Herbs and Spice; Disastrous and Grace
Spices, silk, precious metals, and gemstones appreciated all time. Spices given to the king and kingdom as a gift and tribute. Together with herbs that supposedly can perpetuate age, became the basis of standardization medicinal herbs and spells. Spices worth weighing the gold, and the source is shrouded in secrecy. Because it is important in international trade, the spice has aroused political passions and new powers. In the archipelago, this herb is part of dark history and also the pride of the golden age of trade, to make the archipelago into the promised land.
When is the international trade of spices began not so clear about the historical record. In the 4th century BC kings of China to send some people to look for materials that can prolong life and the secret of eternal life. They then traveled to the islands is amazing. However, many of those who went was never returned. Most considered to have reached Japan and live in peace. Some had reportedly arrived in India, and some even reaching continent later called America. Mysteriousness of those who never returned it just has to add more to the spirit of the Chinese people continue to do exploration, this time they wade through the sea journey filled with risk.
A century later, during the Han Dynasty of China ruled by the strict regulation for imperial officials and other delegates, that they must first chew clove when facing the Emperor's will. Apparently, the Chinese have managed to land in a place of origin "longevity medicine" that thrives in Maluku.
Much later, a number of Chinese chronicles written in the 14th century. Note is dated 1350 contains the news that the Moluccas as the origin of clove and ships traveler and Chinese traders who previously had managed to sail directly to the Moluccas began to diminish in intensity as the cloves are already easily they get in Banda-city trade-in addition to Chinese merchants, traders Java, Sumatra, India, Gujarat, and Arabs have known the economic value of the commodity cloves.
Shipping history in order to find spices, in addition to the Chinese conducted in the 3rd century BC-and later the nations of Europe in the 16th century AD-clove turns have long been loved by the people of Mesopotamia, even since 1,700 BC! This at least is based on archaeological evidence of the discovery of the vase at the dig site Terqa, Middle Euphrates, Syria containing cloves. Terqa past, is one of the areas of the Mesopotamian civilization. Excavations were carried out by archaeologist Giorgio Buccellati in the home of a merchant-made-which is estimated to be amazed. Initially the archaeologists also do not believe, having researched and colleagues who are experts paleobotany (ancient botanical), Kathleen Galvin, convinced was he that the object is indeed cloves. How cloves that only grows in the Moluccas it could reach the area of Mesopotamia? And the more astonishing how in the 17th century BC? Currently, we are still finding out.
So far If we examine the sources of Ancient Rome, such as the records of Pliny the Elder (The Old Pliny) are estimated to live early AD, it will be found information about a group of brave sailors from the East.Also of Ptolemy, the Greek geographer in his book "Geographike Hyphegesis" calling areas in the Far East named Argyre (mean silver or peacock?) Located west Iabadiou. Iabadiou there who equate with Java, there are also equate to Borneo, and Sumatra. But it is clear that what is meant is the archipelago.
Traders from the East came to Greece carrying various merchandise "exotic" including cinnamon calledcassia. Up to 500 BCE, in fact, rich people in the cities of Greece have kept peacocks in their yard, along with trade between the Greek, Roman, and India became rapidly. It should be underlined, either cinnamon or peacock that allegedly originated from the archipelago. Although the writings of the ancient Greeks were not concerned to do with pimento, we can imagine that the transport of peacock and cassia coincided with the transport of spices such as cloves.
However, the presence of clove in Mesopotamia 38th-century ago remains a mystery. Is Maluku famous sailors dared it has split the ocean hundreds of miles to the land of the prophets-if it were brought by their clove-or Mesopotamia obtain cloves from Arab sailors, Africa or India who has brought spices from the Moluccas? Again, we do not know.
Before the European sailors involved in the trade and distribution of cloves in the 16th century, cloves that exist throughout the world that only comes from the five islands in the West Halmahera: Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore. Cloves together famous commodity such as fragrances, sandalwood, fur paradise, pepper and nutmeg, rhino horn, diamonds, gold, rattan, and the balls had been a prima donna who makes traders from around the world vying to get it, master it, and not even No doubt by performing a variety of ways. Noting that the history of the spice that has been a boon, as well as a terrible catastrophe.
Trade and spices War
Before the Portuguese arrived on the island of Banda in 1512, the spice trade made by sailors Gujarat, Arabic, Javanese, Chinese, and Sumatra related to the middlemen Venice. The hope of finding new spices, new reserves, the better path, fame, and wealth, generating massive cruise is done to find the source of early-as practiced by Europeans of the 15th century and the 16th. Three centuries later, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British fought for me-monopoly, supervise, and crush spices.
Carrying spices have been imported to the 6th century Constantinople and spread among the peoples of Europe in the 12th century. Until the 18th century the Banda islands, covering an area which covers 50 km 2, is the only source of nutmeg and mace in the world. This herb is closed source, only a few Arab traders, Portuguese discovered the island until the early 16th century. At that time, the island is a place of distribution of essential items, as well as the trade of cloves from Ternate and Tidore, feathers of birds of paradise, as well as slaves.
Maluku spice collection and transportation after the sailors and traders China reduce its intensity, the distribution of spices, especially to the western hemisphere addressed the Malays of Sumatra, Java, Makassar, and Banda-located in the southern Moluccas, producer of nutmeg and mace which is very famous in century 17).
Maluku traders brought their spices to the port to be sold to the merchant who happened to pass by.The Portuguese who asked to separate the cloves of leaves and twigs, dried and put into a sack.Furthermore, the new cultivation of spices, especially cloves and nutmeg is done by people in the Moluccas and Banda as adjustments will need the European merchants.
Finally the Netherlands and the United Kingdom came to build a fortress; many are lost in seizing the power and profits. To regulate the trade monopoly of nutmeg, spice Dutch cutting down trees that are in the area away from the scrutiny of VOC, between the years 1652-1653, known as the Politicalextirpatie (culling) in order to keep control and maintain high prices in European markets, the Dutch air acts out of bounds, Banda many men have lost their lives. They also divide the land between the former prisoners and adventurers who use the bondsman to harvest nutmeg. Nearly 50 years later, the British handed over first Run in the west of the island of Banda in exchange for Manhattan Island belongs to the Netherlands. Meanwhile the British took nutmeg to Penang and the West Indies.
Nutmeg
Nutmeg (Myristica fragans) is a small forest tree about 18 meters high. It grows well in the shade of tall trees other. This plant skinned dark gray, dau shiny long, such as rhododendron, small flowers yellow, and produce fruit size and color of apricot. The splitting open when ripe revealing cocoa beans glazed with aryl such as nets bright red interesting flock of large birds which are The main actors spread of nutmeg.
When dry, aryl sold as mace and seeds inside pounded into flour nutmeg. Nutmeg and mace are used as a flavoring, preservatives, drugs, and perfume and cosmetic ingredients. Mace was the same as the nutmeg but more subtle and therefore more expensive. Nutmeg tree bark is thin and when scratched produce red liquid, which when dried dark until the color of dried blood.
Clove
Cloves (Syzgium aromaticum) is a low tree, reaches a height of 9-12 meters. Many areas of the archipelago has a hillside trees typical tipped with green leaves and orange-reddish. Unlike most plants under a tree, clove can not flourish in full sun and has seeds that can germinate in a relatively short time.
Cloves are planted with seeds in the nursery shade dab planted after two years. The use of cloves which is actually flowers, se-cluster growing interest in the ends of branches. Unopened flowers are plucked carefully and dry in the sun before the ground or used entirely. 8 meter tall trees produce 2-3 kilograms of dried cloves per year.
Cloves are known by Chinese people of the 3rd century BC, which brought a colorful name, Ordiferous nail. Cloves used in the 4th century Europe. Before the Dutch directly involved, all the cloves in the world come from only five small island west of Halmahera Ternate, Tidore, Moti, Makian, and Bacan.
Although nutmeg and mace sold massively, cloves controlling the trade so that means the monetary value at that time. Now, North Sulawesi to plant a quarter of the national clove, followed by Central Java, Lampung and West Sumatra. Banda Island is currently generating a bit of nutmeg, mostly from Sulawesi, Grenada and Sri Lanka; although it is still possible to visit the fragrant nutmeg grove under the trees knopi Canorium in Lontar, the largest island of Banda.
Many areas of Indonesia "clove fever"; badlands and the edge of the forest they planted the cloves with the expectation of benefits. vain hopes of farmers due to low prices, as well as pests such as beetleswinches, who spend thousands of hectares of clove plantations.
Cloves are used for seasoning, health and maintenance of teeth, most of which are used for kretek companies, approximately 85% of nearly 30,000 tons of Indonesian clove is used every year for the industry. Now, almost a quarter of it is imported, mainly from Zanzibar, East Africa.
When is the international trade of spices began not so clear about the historical record. In the 4th century BC kings of China to send some people to look for materials that can prolong life and the secret of eternal life. They then traveled to the islands is amazing. However, many of those who went was never returned. Most considered to have reached Japan and live in peace. Some had reportedly arrived in India, and some even reaching continent later called America. Mysteriousness of those who never returned it just has to add more to the spirit of the Chinese people continue to do exploration, this time they wade through the sea journey filled with risk.
A century later, during the Han Dynasty of China ruled by the strict regulation for imperial officials and other delegates, that they must first chew clove when facing the Emperor's will. Apparently, the Chinese have managed to land in a place of origin "longevity medicine" that thrives in Maluku.
Much later, a number of Chinese chronicles written in the 14th century. Note is dated 1350 contains the news that the Moluccas as the origin of clove and ships traveler and Chinese traders who previously had managed to sail directly to the Moluccas began to diminish in intensity as the cloves are already easily they get in Banda-city trade-in addition to Chinese merchants, traders Java, Sumatra, India, Gujarat, and Arabs have known the economic value of the commodity cloves.
Shipping history in order to find spices, in addition to the Chinese conducted in the 3rd century BC-and later the nations of Europe in the 16th century AD-clove turns have long been loved by the people of Mesopotamia, even since 1,700 BC! This at least is based on archaeological evidence of the discovery of the vase at the dig site Terqa, Middle Euphrates, Syria containing cloves. Terqa past, is one of the areas of the Mesopotamian civilization. Excavations were carried out by archaeologist Giorgio Buccellati in the home of a merchant-made-which is estimated to be amazed. Initially the archaeologists also do not believe, having researched and colleagues who are experts paleobotany (ancient botanical), Kathleen Galvin, convinced was he that the object is indeed cloves. How cloves that only grows in the Moluccas it could reach the area of Mesopotamia? And the more astonishing how in the 17th century BC? Currently, we are still finding out.
So far If we examine the sources of Ancient Rome, such as the records of Pliny the Elder (The Old Pliny) are estimated to live early AD, it will be found information about a group of brave sailors from the East.Also of Ptolemy, the Greek geographer in his book "Geographike Hyphegesis" calling areas in the Far East named Argyre (mean silver or peacock?) Located west Iabadiou. Iabadiou there who equate with Java, there are also equate to Borneo, and Sumatra. But it is clear that what is meant is the archipelago.
Traders from the East came to Greece carrying various merchandise "exotic" including cinnamon calledcassia. Up to 500 BCE, in fact, rich people in the cities of Greece have kept peacocks in their yard, along with trade between the Greek, Roman, and India became rapidly. It should be underlined, either cinnamon or peacock that allegedly originated from the archipelago. Although the writings of the ancient Greeks were not concerned to do with pimento, we can imagine that the transport of peacock and cassia coincided with the transport of spices such as cloves.
However, the presence of clove in Mesopotamia 38th-century ago remains a mystery. Is Maluku famous sailors dared it has split the ocean hundreds of miles to the land of the prophets-if it were brought by their clove-or Mesopotamia obtain cloves from Arab sailors, Africa or India who has brought spices from the Moluccas? Again, we do not know.
Before the European sailors involved in the trade and distribution of cloves in the 16th century, cloves that exist throughout the world that only comes from the five islands in the West Halmahera: Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore. Cloves together famous commodity such as fragrances, sandalwood, fur paradise, pepper and nutmeg, rhino horn, diamonds, gold, rattan, and the balls had been a prima donna who makes traders from around the world vying to get it, master it, and not even No doubt by performing a variety of ways. Noting that the history of the spice that has been a boon, as well as a terrible catastrophe.
Trade and spices War
Before the Portuguese arrived on the island of Banda in 1512, the spice trade made by sailors Gujarat, Arabic, Javanese, Chinese, and Sumatra related to the middlemen Venice. The hope of finding new spices, new reserves, the better path, fame, and wealth, generating massive cruise is done to find the source of early-as practiced by Europeans of the 15th century and the 16th. Three centuries later, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British fought for me-monopoly, supervise, and crush spices.
Carrying spices have been imported to the 6th century Constantinople and spread among the peoples of Europe in the 12th century. Until the 18th century the Banda islands, covering an area which covers 50 km 2, is the only source of nutmeg and mace in the world. This herb is closed source, only a few Arab traders, Portuguese discovered the island until the early 16th century. At that time, the island is a place of distribution of essential items, as well as the trade of cloves from Ternate and Tidore, feathers of birds of paradise, as well as slaves.
Maluku spice collection and transportation after the sailors and traders China reduce its intensity, the distribution of spices, especially to the western hemisphere addressed the Malays of Sumatra, Java, Makassar, and Banda-located in the southern Moluccas, producer of nutmeg and mace which is very famous in century 17).
Maluku traders brought their spices to the port to be sold to the merchant who happened to pass by.The Portuguese who asked to separate the cloves of leaves and twigs, dried and put into a sack.Furthermore, the new cultivation of spices, especially cloves and nutmeg is done by people in the Moluccas and Banda as adjustments will need the European merchants.
Finally the Netherlands and the United Kingdom came to build a fortress; many are lost in seizing the power and profits. To regulate the trade monopoly of nutmeg, spice Dutch cutting down trees that are in the area away from the scrutiny of VOC, between the years 1652-1653, known as the Politicalextirpatie (culling) in order to keep control and maintain high prices in European markets, the Dutch air acts out of bounds, Banda many men have lost their lives. They also divide the land between the former prisoners and adventurers who use the bondsman to harvest nutmeg. Nearly 50 years later, the British handed over first Run in the west of the island of Banda in exchange for Manhattan Island belongs to the Netherlands. Meanwhile the British took nutmeg to Penang and the West Indies.
Nutmeg
Nutmeg (Myristica fragans) is a small forest tree about 18 meters high. It grows well in the shade of tall trees other. This plant skinned dark gray, dau shiny long, such as rhododendron, small flowers yellow, and produce fruit size and color of apricot. The splitting open when ripe revealing cocoa beans glazed with aryl such as nets bright red interesting flock of large birds which are The main actors spread of nutmeg.
When dry, aryl sold as mace and seeds inside pounded into flour nutmeg. Nutmeg and mace are used as a flavoring, preservatives, drugs, and perfume and cosmetic ingredients. Mace was the same as the nutmeg but more subtle and therefore more expensive. Nutmeg tree bark is thin and when scratched produce red liquid, which when dried dark until the color of dried blood.
Clove
Cloves (Syzgium aromaticum) is a low tree, reaches a height of 9-12 meters. Many areas of the archipelago has a hillside trees typical tipped with green leaves and orange-reddish. Unlike most plants under a tree, clove can not flourish in full sun and has seeds that can germinate in a relatively short time.
Cloves are planted with seeds in the nursery shade dab planted after two years. The use of cloves which is actually flowers, se-cluster growing interest in the ends of branches. Unopened flowers are plucked carefully and dry in the sun before the ground or used entirely. 8 meter tall trees produce 2-3 kilograms of dried cloves per year.
Cloves are known by Chinese people of the 3rd century BC, which brought a colorful name, Ordiferous nail. Cloves used in the 4th century Europe. Before the Dutch directly involved, all the cloves in the world come from only five small island west of Halmahera Ternate, Tidore, Moti, Makian, and Bacan.
Although nutmeg and mace sold massively, cloves controlling the trade so that means the monetary value at that time. Now, North Sulawesi to plant a quarter of the national clove, followed by Central Java, Lampung and West Sumatra. Banda Island is currently generating a bit of nutmeg, mostly from Sulawesi, Grenada and Sri Lanka; although it is still possible to visit the fragrant nutmeg grove under the trees knopi Canorium in Lontar, the largest island of Banda.
Many areas of Indonesia "clove fever"; badlands and the edge of the forest they planted the cloves with the expectation of benefits. vain hopes of farmers due to low prices, as well as pests such as beetleswinches, who spend thousands of hectares of clove plantations.
Cloves are used for seasoning, health and maintenance of teeth, most of which are used for kretek companies, approximately 85% of nearly 30,000 tons of Indonesian clove is used every year for the industry. Now, almost a quarter of it is imported, mainly from Zanzibar, East Africa.